Let’s say that I made the argument that smoking causes cancer, and that I backed this up with a mountain of scientific data and peer-reviewed studies. Now suppose that someone were to respond to all of this with the following: “But my grandpa Bob smoked cigarettes all of his life and never developed cancer! So smoking doesn’t cause cancer after all!”
Would you be convinced by this reply? I hope not. Smoking is a contributory cause of cancer: those who smoke have a much higher likelihood of developing certain cancers than those who don’t because the act of smoking contributes something toward that outcome, even though that outcome doesn’t always happen. So, just because some smokers don’t develop cancer doesn’t mean that smoking plays no role in causing it.
I frequently use this example when teaching causal reasoning in my logic and critical thinking classes. The point behind the example is that personal anecdotes do not invalidate statistical generalizations, which are by nature probabilistic. Most students have no difficulty seeing this point, likely because the link between smoking and cancer has been made abundantly clear to them. Yet students will often turn around and commit this error later on when talking about issues in which they might have a personal stake.
For example, in response to the claim that marijuana use increases the likelihood of developing certain mental illnesses1, students will sometimes cite the fact that they have personally used marijuana without developing mental illness. Yet these experiences are irrelevant. Even if it turns out that marijuana use isn’t a risk factor for mental illness, citing one’s personal experience with marijuana does absolutely nothing to show that. This is because we are dealing with statistical probabilities.
Another example: in response to the claim that children raised in single-mother households fare worse compared to those raised in two-parent families2, students will sometimes cite their own success stories being raised by a single mother. There is no doubt that these examples exist, but they do not falsify the statistical generalization that single-mother households on average fare worse. Affirming this does not detract from the dignity of these students or their parents.
Lived Experiences as Bad Statistical Reasoning
In fairness to my students, it’s an easy error to make when it concerns something you’re invested in, which might explain why it’s so widespread. These days, we see this fallacy at work in the appeal to “lived experiences” as a special source of knowledge. This term usually refers to the experiences of minority groups who live under allegedly oppressive power structures. They are said to hold special epistemic weight because they offer unique insight into the nature of oppression and structural injustice from the standpoint of those who are dominated. Lived experiences form an integral part of what is known as standpoint epistemology, which recognizes a “cognitive asymmetry between the standpoint of the oppressed and the standpoint of the privileged that gives an advantage to the former over the latter.”3
Woke activists often use lived experiences as evidence of widespread injustice, which they then accompany with a call for action and social change. Yet basing one’s entire case on lived experiences is, quite simply, bad statistical reasoning. Why should one’s personal experience of (say) racism carry any special weight? Should the experience of the smoker who never developed cancer also carry special weight? What about the experience of the unvaccinated person who never contracted a preventable illness? Or the experience of the drunk driver who managed to get himself home safely? None of these experiences carry any authoritative weight, especially on matters of policy. As the old legal maxim goes, “hard cases make bad law.” We can say the same when it comes to lived experiences: lived experiences make bad policy.
To be fair, it’s not just woke activists who base sweeping conclusions on personal experiences or anecdotes. When others do it, the reasoning is equally flimsy. But woke activists are unique in that they view these experiences as sacred and unquestionable. While most recognize that experiences are useful illustrative tools, lived experiences take on the status of quasi-divine revelation for the woke. What’s more, it’s effectively impossible to argue against lived experiences, and so they are a favored tactic of those who seek to shut down debate on any number of controversial issues.
The point is not that all experiences of racism are like those of the lucky smoker, nor is it to cast real experiences of racism in a negative light. Rather, the point is that one cannot prove or disprove generalizations simply on the basis of personal experiences. This is a basic rule of statistical reasoning that seems to have been lost on many people who should know better.
Indeed, there is even a logical fallacy named after this exact kind of reasoning: hasty generalization. Consider what one logic textbook says about it:
General propositions are normally supported by observing a sample of particular cases. But we often draw conclusions too quickly, on the basis of insufficient evidence. This fallacy, known as hasty generalization, can take many forms. A single bad experience while traveling can prejudice our view of an entire city or country. Most of us have stereotypes about ethnic groups, professions, or people from different regions of the country, based on our exposure to a few individuals.4
Substitute “ethnic groups, professions, or people from different regions of the country” with “white males, police officers, and Bible-belt Christians” and it becomes clear that the appeal to lived experiences (which typically involves negative evaluations of these groups) is nothing more than textbook fallacious reasoning dressed up in quasi-sophisticated language.
This is true even if one tries to redefine racism and sexism in terms of structural factors that need not be perceived consciously. Lived experiences cannot be used to make (or disprove) statistical generalizations about the prevalence of institutional injustice, as institutions range far beyond what is perceivable from individual experience. Nor does it help to bundle similar lived experiences together, as this illicitly cherry-picks only those experiences which “fit” and excludes those that do not. It would be like arguing that a political candidate couldn’t have won because everyone you know voted against him.
Every experience is “unique” in the sense that it is from the standpoint of an individual person who is not identical to any other person. We might say, then, that all experiences are “lived” experiences. If one has special weight, they all do. But if they all do, then none of them are special.
The Lived Experience Fallacy
This leads to another point: the appeal to lived experiences must go both ways. What about the lived experiences of those who have not experienced oppression or injustice? Consistency would seem to demand that these experiences should also be considered authoritative. Suppose John argues that his lived experience of police mistreatment is evidence that there is something problematic about policing as a whole. But if we accept John’s lived experience as authoritative, then what about Bob’s lived experience of being treated well by the police? It seems that these two experiences cancel each other out.
The critical theorist’s response is that John’s lived experience is uniquely privileged because it is indicative of oppression or victimhood. By contrast, the experiences of Bob and others in “dominant” groups do not count because they lack an awareness of what it means to be oppressed. All of this is supposed to matter because oppression is something that can only be understood if it is felt. Those in dominant groups lack this epistemic prerequisite, as they cannot be oppressed on account of their being in a position of power. As such, they are not in a position to rule on the non-existence of oppression.
This response is not convincing. First, it ignores the distinction between propositional knowledge and experiential knowledge. There is a difference between the fact of oppression and the experience of it. One can know that something is factual (or not) without having to experience it firsthand. For example, I know that drunk driving is bad even if I have never consumed alcohol or been the victim of a drunk driver. My lack of experiential knowledge does not prevent me from having propositional knowledge about drunk driving. The same is true of oppression. I can recognize oppression and understand it to be bad without having to be oppressed. The experience of being a victim is not a prerequisite to knowledge of injustice as a social problem.
Second, this is just the same bad statistical reasoning from a different angle. The experience of being mistreated by the police may give insight into the experience of oppression (and may allow for certain generalizations about experiences), but it does not allow one to construct sweeping factual generalizations out of thin air that range across social science and moral psychology. The error is twofold: the wrong kind of knowledge is being used to make an illicit generalization. We might call this the lived experience fallacy.
Consider an analogy. If I lose everything from an economic depression, then I have the experience of being thrust into poverty. However, that experiential knowledge does not provide any kind of propositional knowledge when it comes to economic policy. Indeed, one can have knowledge of how to remedy an economic depression without ever having experienced poverty. Likewise, being the victim of oppression does not make one an expert on, say, criminal justice reform.
This touches on a third problem. The critical theorist says that only the lived experiences of the oppressed count. But who are the “oppressed”? While social justice activists typically have a certain demographic in mind, we must realize that oppression is—to borrow a term from the social justice lexicon—intersectional. That is to say, oppression cuts across overlapping categories and contexts that people occupy. Perhaps men are not structurally oppressed when it comes to, say, the alleged wage gap, but they are structurally oppressed in that they receive longer sentences for crimes (even after relevant variables are controlled for).5 Perhaps Asians are not structurally oppressed by the criminal justice system, but they are structurally oppressed in education by affirmative action programs. Perhaps Christians are not structurally oppressed when it comes to the right to worship, but they are structurally oppressed by legal frameworks that compel them to act in ways that violate their conscience.
To dismiss the experiences of some because they are not the “right kind” of oppression would be to ignore oppression’s intersectional nature. Almost everyone would count as oppressed under some category or context—left-handed individuals, for example, might claim to be oppressed insofar as they live in a world designed for the right-handed. Thus, everyone would have something unique to offer about the nature of oppression that is not available to those outside of the intersection of their social categories. Everyone’s lived experience matters. Or, to use a more recognizable slogan: all lives matter.
Perceived Oppression vs. Actual Oppression
So far, we have taken lived experiences at face value. But experiences are often misleading. One danger in according near-infallible epistemic status to lived experiences is that it downplays or even ignores the real possibility that these experiences are wrong. While one cannot be wrong that he is experiencing something, one can make erroneous inferences from that experience. Thus, perceived oppression is not necessarily the same thing as actual oppression. Otherwise, there could never be such a thing as oversensitivity.
Suppose a police officer pulls over a member of a minority group for speeding and tickets him. The minority perceives that he is being issued a ticket instead of a warning because of his race. But that is not the only possible explanation, nor may it be the most plausible one given the context. Perhaps this particular officer tickets everyone he catches driving above a certain speed. Maybe he was just having a bad day. Or perhaps he simply flipped a coin. Now it could very well be true that the driver was in fact ticketed because of his race, but there isn’t enough known about the situation to warrant that conclusion.
The point of all this is that many lived experiences are vague or ambiguous when it comes to identifying oppression. Just like how there are optical illusions, there can be illusions of racism. We must approach lived experiences with healthy skepticism, especially given the tendency of many to read predetermined victim narratives gleaned from popular trends into their experiences.
Retreating to Postmodern Epistemology Doesn’t Help
Some critical theorists might object to what I’ve said on the grounds that I have ignored the proper context for evaluating lived experiences. That is to say, we cannot understand the logic behind lived experiences without understanding their role in the larger epistemic framework of power and oppression upon which critical theory is based. They argue that there is a difference between mere experiences and lived experiences.
I have already gestured toward some problems with the underlying reasoning from which lived experiences derive their alleged authority. Apart from these problems, the retreat into “Theory” makes things worse, for it means that lived experiences lose their persuasive power. Here’s why: critical theory starts with a set of postmodern “axioms” from which lived experiences are supposed to derive their special weight.6 Only those lived experiences which are in harmony with these axioms are allowed to “count” as legitimate sources of knowledge. Now this setup might be fine if we’re reasoning from within the critical theorist’s own internal system among those who already accept it, but it is obviously circular reasoning if used as a means of persuading those outside the critical theorist’s framework to accept its claims about oppression, structural injustice, and the like. Why? Because those who don’t already accept the critical theorist’s postmodern epistemic framework will have no reason to treat lived experiences as authoritative. Yet this is exactly how many activists use lived experiences when arguing about their pet issues.
In other words, if lived experiences only derive their weight from a specific epistemic framework, then using lived experiences as a way of validating that framework is rigging the game by assuming the very thing in question.
One might fall back to the claim that lived experiences are normatively authoritative within the postmodern framework of critical theory (and thus can no longer function to prove claims outside the framework), but then they become inept as tools for activism and social change. And woke activists don’t want to relinquish that weapon.
So those who wish to accord special weight to lived experiences face a dilemma. Either lived experiences have special weight on their own merits, or they have special weight within the context of a larger postmodern epistemic system. If the former, then according special weight to lived experiences amounts to nothing more than fallacious statistical reasoning. If the latter, then it is circular reasoning, which is also fallacious.
Either way, things don’t look good. If we want to talk about lived experiences, then we should talk about them as just being experiences, subject to the same rules as other experiences. There is nothing particularly special about their being “lived.”
1 Marie C. McCormick et al., The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2017), chapter 12.
2 See Sara McLanahan and Isabel Sawhill, “Marriage and Child Wellbeing Revisited” The Future of Children 25:2 (Fall 2015): 3-9.
3 José Medina, The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and the Social Imagination (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013): 197.
4 David Kelley and Debby Hutchins, The Art of Reasoning 5th ed (New York: NY: W. W. Norton, 2021): 122.
5 Phillipe Lemoine uses this approach to argue that if women are oppressed, then men are also oppressed. See Phillipe Lemoine, “The Trouble with Feminism” in Bob Fischer (ed), Ethics, Left and Right (New York, NY: Oxford University Press): 484-491.
6 For a survey and evaluation, see Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay, Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity (Durham, NC: Pitchstone, 2020).
Image: Mathew MacQuarrie, Public Domain
Hsiao’s critique of the lived experience concept fails to account for the epistemic, ethical, and practical contributions of subjective experience to social knowledge. While objective data is crucial, it should not be privileged to the exclusion of lived experiences, which provide valuable insights into the nuances of systemic injustice. Epistemic pluralism, collective epistemic privilege, and the interdependence of objective and subjective knowledge suggest that both forms of knowledge are necessary for a robust understanding of society. Lived experiences offer moral insight and practical implications that numbers alone cannot convey. By dismissing these experiences as fallacious or irrelevant, Hsiao’s critique risks perpetuating epistemic injustice, silencing the voices of those who can uniquely illuminate the human aspects of oppression.
This article has a logical flaw — stastistical likelyhood is not factual certainty. The fact that smoking causes cancer does not mean you wik get it. Nor is a sober driver an inherently good one.
Stastistical outliers exist.
The author points this out repeatedly and explains why outliers cannot be used to persuade.
College students need to graduate with good BS detectors– so kudos to Professor Hsiao. ‘Lived experience,’ after all, is simply a variation on appeal to authority.
Hsiao notes that critical theory starts with its own axioms. He might also note that it rejects the deductive reasoning he uses to arrive at his conclusions. Rejecting enlightenment thinking, critical theory draws no line between perception and reality. Whether this kind of thing leads to better social policy is another matter entirely.
The problem with listening to perceived causes of negative experiences, especially for negative experiences that a wide cross section of the population experiences, leads to erroneous beliefs and bad law.
There are common experiences we all have – not getting hired, being passed over for promotion, getting fired, being wrongly accused, being wrongly blamed, being poorly treated, etc. But when specific identity groups blame these common experiences on discrimination or bigotry, it leads to the unwarranted creation of entire departments dedicated to tipping the scales in favor of some groups over others.
This is done by people who actually believe you can end discrimination by engaging in even more discrimination, all supported by this over-reliance upon lived experience of only certain groups (and the rejection of the lived experience of those not in those groups).
When merit is cast aside in favor of genetic characteristics, everybody loses.
There is no getting away from lived experience as an influence for legislation. Bills are sometimes named after people because of their lived experience. Be it injustice or a emotional story related to a structural failure (i.e. Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act). The lived experience is the reason a need is identified. The development of a new law will involve testimonials, the challenge is separating the emotional appeal from generalization and the not-so- unintended consequences that come with laws that restrict rights (online harms, bullying, hate speech) all become actual code to restrict speech and expression.
Perhap your focus should be immutable characteristics – not so much genetic? It seem LGBTQS++ is another member of the oppression hierarchy? If it has legislative protection – it qualifies.